Learning
Learning as exact descent in reader space — no
gradients, no floats, every comparison a big-integer comparison — and
where the destination such a descent reaches stops being independent
of the data.
- Stalls — which stall species exist, what cures each, and how far an escape is
- Nesting — the floor, which moves nest, and the geometry that decides it
- The substrate door — the machinery grown on the data instead of fixed
- Forgetting — when a working state can certify it no longer holds a datum
- Menu collisions — how wide the one door to robust forgetting actually is
- Collision mechanisms — what the second factorization at a collision is, and what decides that there is one
- Menu seeds — which menus carry a negative factor, and the shape their cores can have
- Deletion audits — what published tools do when the answer is known exactly
- Prediction sets — what a coverage guarantee covers, and what its rule abandons
- The swap — the trades that serve an atom some optimum abandons, graded by the lightest mass
- Ceilings — evaluations whose optimal score is derived, not estimated
- Stated uncertainty — what a stated interval does when the truth is known exactly
A stream here is the continued-fraction expansion of a real
number, arriving digit by digit, and a map is a function
applied to it. After n digits the value is pinned to a
cylinder In, and what a reader is certain of
about the output is the image interval Jn =
f(In) — these nest and shrink as digits
arrive. A row is one (map, stream) pair, and a slate of rows is
what stands in for training data throughout.
What a reader commits to are cells, intervals drawn from one
fixed family. That family is the tree cells, the Stern–Brocot
cells, each the set of
positive reals whose expansion opens with a given run of digits, so
that the root cell is all of them; plus the straddle chains
standing at their vertices — a cell's vertex being the mediant of its two
endpoints, the fraction whose numerator and denominator are their
sums, and a chain being a nested sequence of intervals each holding
its vertex in the interior. The two kinds overlap, and both are graded by
rank, which steps by one along every child relation
(the redundant cover). A
reader is a commitment policy on that cover — at each step it
may commit cells containing the current image, and a commitment is a
ratchet: never undone, and permanently sound, since a cell
containing Jn contains every later image. What is
left to choose is which route to take past a vertex, the tree child or
the chain, and how long to wait before committing, so a policy
is four coordinates — a route preference at tree cells, a route
preference at straddles, and two patiences, one per cell kind.
A kind at patience p commits a candidate only once it has
contained the image for p+1 consecutive steps, so what it is
really reading is the image from p steps back: that older
interval is the kind's reference. Patience 0 is
greedy, committing on sight, and patience ∞ refuses the kind
outright, the policy refusing both being the refuser.
Two exact rulers price a policy over a counted window — a
fixed span of input steps, the same for every policy compared. The
deficit at a step is the scale the reader is short: writing a
cell's scale for ln(1/length), the image interval's scale less the
committed cell's, which is the
difference the reading geometry keeps bounded for a greedy reader on
these windows (the commitment
bound).
Summed over the counted steps it orders policies exactly as the
product of their committed cells' lengths does, which is how it is
compared, and it is infinite for as long as a committed cell is.
The clock loss is the lag, in whole steps, of the reader's
committed scale behind the stream's own emission: how many images ago
the reader's cell was the current one. Neither is order-isomorphic to
the other, since the clock quantizes scale by the stream's local rate.
Both compare by cross-multiplying big integers, so no float and no
derivative enters any decision, and descent is the matching
finite-graph notion: neighbouring policies differ by one notch in one
coordinate, or by both route preferences flipped together; a move is
taken only when it strictly lowers the loss, and a stall is a
policy with no strictly better neighbour — a fact about that move set
before it is a fact about the landscape.
Resources enter as settings rather than as policy coordinates: a
rank budget B of cover-rank units per input step, and a
bank of capacity W holding what a step does not spend.
What the policy gains is one coordinate for spending them, the
drawdown schedule, capping what a single step may withdraw —
spend-all at one end, withholding at the other. The pair
(B, W) is the reader's metabolism, and what it is
spent against is the row's demand: the rank per input step that
row asks for, about one per digit at the golden ratio and about eight
at [0; 8, 8, …]. And descent
runs on the behavioural quotient — policies identified when
their committed-cell traces over the counted window agree, the
quotient's classes being what descent moves between — because
two policies with identical traces cannot be ordered by any loss
reading that window, so their tie is structural rather than
signal-starved, and unquotiented coordinates manufacture stalls that
the quotient does not have.
The landscape
The funnel and its
one blind corner rule
With no budget in force the deficit is a perfect loss over the
committing policies: monotone strict descent converges from every
one of them to the exact global optimum — greedy in both kinds,
and route-free — and the sole trap these rows carry is total
refusal, which sits on a
flat plateau of infinite loss where every single-coordinate
neighbour prices infinite too (designed streams and short counted
windows carry more —
the stall census). The corner is a real trap and not a
shallow basin: a stalled reader's shortfall grows quadratically in
the horizon, the per-step deficit growing like the step times the
stream's scale rate. Two cures built from the window's own prices
address it, both
working at the original space and separating when the
patience axis grows. The signal cure refines the comparator
lexicographically — finite deficit beats infinite, and two infinite
policies compare by their committed-scale shortfall, the finite part
of the infinite loss — and converges from every start at both
widths, for a reason that does not depend on width: that shortfall
orders the plateau however far it extends. The move cure keeps the plain comparator and widens
the move set with the patience diagonals, moves that lower or
raise both patiences at once; it is radius-bounded,
stalling exactly where the whole neighbourhood is infinite, since
the blind region grows with the axis while this cure's own reach
does not — one notch on each patience, however far the axis extends.
Signal cures scale; a move cure built to a fixed reach is sized to
the plateau it was designed against.
Scope. Exhaustive at both spaces — 100
policies on the patience axis (0, 1, 2, 3, ∞) and 324 on the
extended axis (0…7, ∞) — over eight rows whose streams are quadratic
irrationals, so their expansions are eventually periodic, including
the wall row (x², √2), where the map sends the stream
onto a vertex: a reader confined to the tree cells freezes there at
rank 1 forever, and this row on its own is enough to make the corner
a flat infinite plateau, the corner and both its single-refusal
neighbour families all pricing infinite on it together. The straddle
chains cure the wall itself
(the wall criterion): a
greedy reader on them commits exactly rather than boundedly, its
deficit falling to zero, below the generic commitment bound.
Horizon 120, counted from step 8. Toy scale.
verifiers:
explore_ratchet_learner.py,
explore_bootstrap_cures.py
The bottom
lemma rule
Fix a bounded nondegenerate interval. The cover cells containing
it form a sub-poset with an inclusion minimum, and greedy
multi-commit — taking commit moves within one input step for
as long as any remains available — reaches that minimum in any
preference order: the containing cells are finitely many, every
commit move strictly raises rank, and local confluence holds in
three cases, so Newman's lemma applies. Two corollaries follow. Confluence:
at greedy patience the committed cell sequence is preference-free,
which is why the funnel's optimum is route-free. Pointwise global
optimality: greedy patience dominates every policy at every
step, in any policy space of this family — so the optimum with no
budget in force carries nothing stream-specific, and nothing about it can be
learned from data at all. That minimum has a closed form, read off
the interval with no policy in it, and greedy multi-commit's
committed cell is it at every step
(the floor theorem).
The hypothesis that the two kinds read one
shared reference is tight: at mixed patience the cell the
multi-commit settles at can depend on preference. In the
partition cover — the tree cells alone, where the containing cells
form one nested chain — loss is instead pointwise monotone in
patience, strictly where the compared losses are finite, with total
refusal worst. Global here means best in this policy family, not best
conceivable; what the best conceivable solver could score, and whether
a task family can be designed to state that number in closed form, is
an eval's ceiling.
Scope. The lemma and the partition valley
proved for this cover and move set; the engine checks the lemma's
statement at every counted step (169,082 containments) and the
tightness witness is a policy at the same slate and horizon.
verifier:
explore_bootstrap_cures.py
What the optimum depends on
The start-delay and
catch-up laws rule
Pointwise optimality consumes unbounded multi-commit, so a rank
budget breaks its proof and prices the coordinates that proof made
free. The start-delay law: a patience-p reader opens
about B·p ranks behind greedy, and under a binding
budget that gap is never erased — what used to erase it, in the
unthrottled reader, was exactly the unbounded multi-commit the
budget removes. So patience costs a permanent lag rather than a
transient one, and the patience valley is strict wherever a row
lags. The catch-up threshold law: greedy at budget B
matches the unthrottled loss exactly once B reaches a per-row
threshold — the ceiling of mean demand where fluctuation is bounded,
one rank higher on a row whose large leading digit demands more rank
than the budget's first steps can supply, leaving a warm-up
debt standing — and never on exponential demand, the
wall row's per-step deficit growing linearly in the step so that no
finite budget catches up. A threshold read off a coarse budget grid
is an interval and not a value: on one row the grid of 1, 2, 4, 8
records 4 where the banking verifier's grid, which includes 3,
measures 3. Banking moves exactly one threshold on the slate,
and by warm-up funding rather than by smoothing — a row whose greedy
reader waits while the first digits arrive banks that step's income
and later repays the debt that warm-up left, taking that row's
threshold from 2 to 1. Off the optimum an early cheap commit can lock a
route: 83
strict wins for a withholding schedule over spend-all, each
steering a preference-fixed route past a better later
cell. Every one of them is strictly off the optimum, where every
drawing schedule ties.
Scope. Exhaustive at budgets 1, 2, 4, 8 and
unthrottled, bank caps 0, 2, 4, 8, over the eight quadratic rows,
horizon 120; the banking verifier re-runs budgets 1 through 4, the
finer grid. Toy scale.
verifiers:
explore_throttled_reader.py,
explore_banking_reader.py
Destination
universality rule
Each row's argmin class is the set of behaviours
minimizing that row's loss. At every setting one universal policy
sits in every row's argmin class, and transfer gaps — the
excess a policy picked on one ensemble of rows pays on another — are
exactly zero: under the deficit on the eight quadratic rows at every
budget and cap, and under the clock loss, taken with the deficit as
tiebreak and taken alone, on all nine rows, the one aperiodic
non-quadratic row included. No loss tried that reads only the
committed-cell trace lets training data pick the destination —
and both of these do. What the optimum does depend on is the resource
environment: at exactly one setting, (B, W) = (4, 2),
the route order inverts and the universal set shifts — verbatim
under both losses. That the shift is identical under both losses
tests two layers for stream dependence at once — the allocation
layer (route, patience, drawdown schedule) and the loss layer (scale
units against whole steps) — and finds it in neither. A reader
adapts to its metabolism, never to its data;
what descent learns here is how to spend, not what the stream
says. Read as forgetting, that independence is a certificate at the
strongest of the four grades — flat at every weighting of the data
rather than tuned to one — inherited from the destination being a
function of metabolism alone
(the four
grades).
Scope. Exact and exhaustive at the stated
scope and nowhere beyond it — this policy space, these nine rows,
horizon 120, these two losses. Toy scale, and the statement is about
this family of exact readers: outside it universality can fail, and
the two laws of when it fails are the data
door and the substrate
door.
verifiers:
explore_throttled_reader.py,
explore_banking_reader.py,
explore_scale_clock.py
Stalls and nesting
The
funnel's blind corner is one of five stall species, and the other four
live at settings its arena does not visit: resource abundance and
binding budgets, a second exact ruler beside the deficit, and counted
windows short enough to end inside a trade. Every one of them is a fact
about a move set that lets a reader change patience only one notch at
a time: over the ten landscapes the census draws its specimens from, a
reader allowed three notches stalls nowhere. How far an
escape is, when one exists, has two answers depending on whether the
counting is done by the cure graph or by a single reader:
stalls.
What decides the general case is whether
lowering a patience makes the two runs' committed cells nest. The
conjecture that every stall is a measurement tie — neighbouring
policies whose exact losses read equal — is a theorem on the spine — the
unresourced policies whose two cell kinds share one reference with every
patience shorter than the counted window's start, on any stream whose
images nest and strictly shrink — and false off it in
both resource directions; and what the spine argument runs on is
nesting alone. Nesting can die only where the commit loop had a route
preference to consult, though not at every such place; and a
chain-preferring run has it forced, at the single step where a run can
leave a straddle chain for the cell that chain sits in, by two
inequalities on the indices of the references it is reading there:
nesting.
The data door
The data
door rule
Destination universality is a property of (space, loss) jointly, and
the loss is the axis that breaks it. Relax exactly what the loss
reads — a decision-valued prediction score, where the committed
state alone guesses which side of its cell's vertex the stream will
land on, and is charged for a miss — and destination universality
dies. The rows' argmin classes stop intersecting under both orders,
the score alone and the score with the deficit beneath it as
tiebreak;
greedy leaves the argmin on six of nine rows, and eight rows are
perfectly predictable in-family but by different policies.
Two hand lemmas locate the door. Collapse: any local proper
score — one a truthful prediction minimizes — read against the flat
belief on the committed cell telescopes back into the family of
losses that see only the committed-cell trace, so leaving that
family takes a discrete decision. Coarsening: the ratchet
state is coarser than the public past, so the honest score is a
function of the state alone. The door has no width. Each
counted step carries one future bit — which side the stream
in fact took — and each of the 112 of them, taken alone as the top
order with the full deficit beneath it, already empties the
intersection, while zero bits restore it: a step at zero rather than
a threshold. So the price of data is
not conserved across bandwidth: thinning the scored bits collapses
it, and at a single scored bit a row's specialist ties the pooled
winner's miss total outright, losing only the deficit tiebreak.
“Reads the stream” is not the law, and
it fails from both sides. Losses consulting future bits only in
their values keep universality whenever the per-row
orderings they induce never move, and at this scope they never do:
467 of the 475 within-row pairs that tie in value are identical in
trace, so a tiebreak sitting below the deficit has nothing to act
on. Meanwhile 146 losses that read nothing of the stream at all —
indicators of a band of deficit values, row-uniform functions of the
deficit alone — break universality outright. What does break is
every non-degenerate loss tried whose top order consults future
bits, the perverse direction included: no universal anti-predictor
exists either.
Scope. The hand lemmas proved. Everything
else exact and exhaustive on one frozen arena — the behavioural
quotient with no budget in force, 100 policies in 38 classes, nine rows, horizon
120 — and over the loss species tried, which is what makes the
surviving criterion statements patterns over the species tried
rather than rules.
verifiers:
explore_prediction_door.py,
explore_bandwidth_dial.py,
explore_score_criterion.py
The keep law
rule
An empty intersection turns out to be the generic case, so the
thing needing a law is the keep. Order classes by
containment of their committed cells, step by step and row by row;
a loss whose optimum is pulled monotonically toward one extreme of
that order keeps universality, and both extremes exist. The greedy
class is pointwise-tightest — its
committed cell contained in every class's cell at every counted step
on every row — a short corollary of the bottom lemma, confirmed
against a cell family rich in overlaps: 76,058 sites where two
classes' cells overlap without either containing the other, so no
chain argument reaches it — and the refuser is
pointwise-coarsest by construction, holding the root cell
throughout. All four monotone loss species tried keep, each through
the extreme class its direction points at. For the losses that
simply reward landing in a band of deficit values, the criterion is
exact and proved. Pool the deficit values of every (class, row) pair
into one sorted order — 117 distinct ranks at scope — and a
class's hull is the interval its rank in that order spans
across the rows; a band is clean when on every row it catches
some class and not all, and a
clean band keeps if and only if it contains some class's hull —
the class it then hands every row at once. That hull spectrum is
bimodal, and the gap is the mechanism behind generic emptiness: the
refuser's hull has width 0 and its near-refuser sibling's width 2,
where every adapted class's hull spans at least
85 of the 117 ranks, so adaptation makes a class's standing
violently row-dependent and only refusal is row-stable. The law is
sufficiency-only, and a band pair shows it: 213 keepers built from
two disjoint bands exist, and in 201 of them the universal optimum
set contains neither extreme — a keep handed out by where the values
happen to fall, not by monotone structure.
What holding data costs is read off the same arena. Within a row,
the committed geometry exhausts the visible: no loss tried separates
any of the 475 within-row pairs of classes whose committed cells
agree in length, step for step, on that row — the same 475 pairs the
data door counts as value ties: on this arena the two descriptions
pick out one set. So data content is a cross-row
quantity, witnessed only where two rows collide in geometry —
canonically at the golden near-twins, the two rows on which
φ² = φ + 1 acts as a translation of the cover tree and
which therefore agree in geometry on 32 of the 38 classes. The price
is then structural rather than statistical: the optimum set becomes
the row's fingerprint, an advantage on one row costs loss on the
pooled slate wherever it is not free (measured at full bandwidth: 4
to 15 pooled misses per miss of advantage on the row), and no
adapted optimum keeps its
cross-row standing.
Scope. The coarse extreme, the hull
criterion and the two-band construction proved; the tight extreme
proved from the bottom lemma and engine-confirmed on the frozen arena
the data door names; the loss-species results exhaustive there. Toy scale.
verifiers:
explore_keep_law.py,
explore_score_criterion.py,
explore_prediction_door.py
The substrate door
The
second door lets the distinguishing machinery grow on the data instead of
holding it fixed — a set of distinct primes, extended whenever two inputs
it cannot tell apart are supposed to be told apart, by the smallest prime
that separates something still confused. Growth is then a covering
problem over the differences the supervision — the list of pairs
demanded distinct — asks to be separated, and
demanding every distinction at once forces the grown set to be a counter:
the first k primes, its depth set by how fine a resolution is
asked for and its content by nothing. Structure in the data moves the set
without picking it, because redundant small primes still cover — sets
grown on the multiples of different primes transfer to each other
near-intact, and so
does natural grammar, which carries the one kind of difference that could
have opened the door. What a set grown on language tracks is the encoding
it was handed, and an embedding that holds word order gives up the
transform its words could otherwise share — wherever their stems differ in
length: the substrate door.
What a reader holds can also be asked to leave. When a still-working
state must certify what it no longer contains, the certificate's price
is prime recycling, and how much room recycling gives is a question
about unique factorization: Menu
collisions — and which menus can take part in one at all, with the
ceiling on the shape of such a menu's core, is
Menu seeds. Turned outward, the same
exactly-known worlds score
published deletion audits against a posterior known in closed form —
Deletion audits — and grade what four
standard estimators do when the optimum they estimate is exact:
Stated uncertainty.